%^ 


0> 


»o. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


y 


A 


^ 


// 


<? 


.v    c?. 


:/. 


tA 


(/. 


1.0 


I.I 


IIIM 
lilM 


2.0 

1.8 


1.25 

1.4 

1.6 

M 

6"     - 

► 

V2 


e 


/}. 


A 


'c^. 


■c*i 


o 


/ 


^^ 


A 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


^ 


\ 


A^ 


(V 


:\ 


\ 


^\^ 


^ 

* 


6^ 


% 


V 


.<^'- 


R? 


c^^ 


Wr 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


The  Institute  has  attempted  to  obtain  the  best 
original  copy  available  for  filming.  Features  of  this 
copy  which  may  be  bibliographically  unique, 
which  may  alter  any  of  the  images  in  the 
reproduction,  or  which  may  significantly  change 
the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checked  below. 


□ 

n 

D 
D 

D 


D 


□ 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 
Couverture  endommagee 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pellicul6e 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 

Coloured  maps/ 

Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Relie  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serree  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  le  long  de  la  marge  int^rieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoration  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certaines  pages  blanches  ajoutdes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissent  dans  le  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  §tait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  6t6  filmdes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  le  meilleur  exemplaire 
qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
de  cet  exemplaire  qui  sont  peut-dtre  uniques  du 
point  de  vue  bibliographique,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  mdthode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 

□    Coloured  pages/ 
Pages  de  couleur 

□    Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommag6es 

□    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  restaur6es  et/ou  pelliculdes 


y 


V 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


□    Pages  detached/ 
Pages  d^tach^es 


D 


Showthrough/ 
Transparence 


I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 


Quality  inegale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  material/ 
Comprend  du  matdriel  supplementaire 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Edition  disponible 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  filmdes  d  nouveau  de  facon  i 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


n 


Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl^mentaires: 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  reduction  indiqu6  ci-dessous. 

lOX  14X  18X  22X 


J 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


20X 


24X 


28X 


32X 


The  copy  filmed  hern  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  —^(meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "),  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END  "), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  d  la 
giniroeit*  de: 

Douglas  Library 
Queen's  University 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  it6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetd  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprim^e  sont  film6s  en  commengant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
derniire  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  fiimis  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'iiiustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symboie  '~^-  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  y  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diff6rents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  film6  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mithode. 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

€  ID  cS^outl)  ilcaflft^* 


No.   4'' 


Father 

Marquette  at 

Chicago. 


From    Marquette  s    Xarrativf,    and    Daiu.on's    Relation. 


After  a  month's  navigation  down  the  Mississippi,  from  the 
42d  to  below  the  34th  degree,  and  after  having  published  the 
gospel  as  well  as  I  could  to  the  nations  I  had  met,  we  left 
the  village  of  Akamsea  on  the  17th  of  July,  [1673]  to  retrace  our 
steps.  We  accordingly  ascended  the  Mississippi,  which  gave  us 
great  trouble  to  stem  its  currents.  We  left  it  indeed,  about  the 
38th  degree,  to  enter  another  river  which  greatly  shortened 
our  way,  and  brought  us,  with  little  trouble,  to  the  lake  of  the 
Ilinois.* 

We  had  seen  nothing  like  this  river  for  the  fertility  of  ihe 
land,  its  prairies,  woods,  wild  cattle,  stag,  deer,  wildcats,  bus- 
tards, swans,  ducks,  parrots,  and  even  beaver,  its  many  little 
lakes  and  rivers.  That  on  which  we  sailed  is  broad,  deep,  and 
gentle  for  sixty-five  leagues.  IJuring  the  spring  and  part  of  the 
summer  the  only  portage  is  half  a  league. 

We  found  there  an  Ilinois  town  called  Kaskaskia,  com|)osed 
of  seventy-four  cabins.  They  received  us  well,  and  compelled 
me  to  promise  to  return  and  instruct  them.  One  of  the  chiefs 
of  this  tribe,  with  his  young  men,  escorted  us  to  the  Ilinois 
Lake,  whence  at  last  we  returned  in  the  close  of  September  to 
the  Bay  of  the  Fetid,  whence  we  had  set  out  in  the  beginning 
of  June. 

Had  all  this  voyage  caused  but  the  salvation  of  a  single  soul, 
I  should  deem  all  my  fatigue  well  repaid ;  and  this  I  have 
reason    to  think,  for,  when   I   was  returning,  I   passed  by  the 

•  Lake  Michigan  was  so  called  for  a  lotig  time,  probably  from  llic  fact  that  through 
it  lay  the  direct  route  to  the  Ilinois  villages,  which  lather  Marquette  was  now  the  tirst  in 
visit.  Marest  err<jneously  treats  the  name  as  a  mistake  of  geograpliers,  tntl  is  one  ot  the 
first  to  call  it  Michigan.  The  river  which  Marquette  now  ascended  has  been  more  fortunate: 
it  still  bears  the  name  of  Ilinois. —  Sht-a. 


2 


Indians  of  Peoria.*  I  was  three  clays  announcing  the  faith  in 
all  their  (abins,  after  which,  as  we  were  embarking,  they 
brought  me  on  the  water's  edge  a  dying  child,  which  I  baj)- 
tized  a  little  before  it  expired,  by  an  admirable  Providence  for 
the  salvation  of  that  innocent  soul. 


l-ather  James  Marquette,  having  promised  the  llinois,  called 
Kaskaskia,  to  return  among  them  to  teach  them  our  mysteries, 
had  great  tlifficulty  in  keeping  his  word.  The  great  hardships 
of  his  first  voyage  had  brought  on  a  dysentery,  and  had  so 
etifeel)led  iiim  that  he  lost  all  hope  of  undertaking  a  second 
voyage.  Yet,  his  malady  having  given  way  and  almost  ceased 
toward  the  close  of  summer  in  the  following  year,  he  obtain'  d 
permission  of  his  superiors  to  return  to  the  llinois  to  found  tnat 
noble  mission."!" 


great 


'  tJiifortiin.itily,  lie  does  not  te'.l  iis  svliere  ho  met  these  roviiii;  Pennans,  who  thus 
enabled  him  tu  keep  iiis  prDniise  to  resi--t  tliem.  As  they  have  left  their  name  on  the  llmois 
Kivi  r,  he  may  have  fouiul  tliem  there,  below  the  Kaiikahkias,  who,  no  less  erratic,  left  their 
name  to  a  more  soiiilierly  river  and  to  a  town  at  its  inn\!th  on  tlie  Mississippi.  It  mu^t,  then, 
be  liorne  in  mind  that  Marquette's  Peoria  and  his  and  Allouez's  town  of  K.askaski;'  are  iiiiite 
different  from  the  pres'^nl  places  of  tlie  name  in  -.ituation.  The  llinois  seeined  to  liave 
formed  a  link  between  the  wandering;  Ali;on(|uin  and  tlie  hxed  Iroqnois.  'I'hey  li.ad  villages 
like  the  latter;  and,  lhoui;h  they  roved  like  the  fortner,  they  roved  in  villages. —  Shea. 

i  Hv  his  last  journal  we  learn  that  F'athi'r  Marquctli'  vvas  detained  at  the  mission  of  Saint 
Francis  Xavier  in  (.jreen  Hay  during  the  whole  summer  of  1674.  Kecoverinu,  in  September, 
lie  drew  up  and  sent  to  his  superiors  copies  of  liis  journal  down  the  Mississippi,  and,  havinj" 
received  orders  to  repair  to  the  llinois,  set  out  on  the  25th  of  Octr)ber  with  two  men  named 

I'ierre  I'orteiet  and  J.irques .      They  crossed  the  peiiinsul.i  which  forms  the  eastern  side 

of  dreen  Hay,  and  beuan  to  coast  along  the  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  accompanied  by  some 
llinois  and  I'ottaw.itoniies.  'I'hey  advanced  but  slowly  by  land  and  water,  fretpiently  arrested 
by  the  state  of  the  lake.  On  the  .!3d  of  November  the  L^ood  missionary  was  again  sei/.ed  by 
liis  malady;  but  lie  pushed  on,  and  by  the  4th  of  Ileceniber  had  reached  the  Chicago,  which 
connei  ts  by  portage  with  the  llinois.  Hut  the  river  was  now  tro/.en  ;  and,  though  they  at- 
tempted to  proceed,  the  pious  missionary  submitted  to  the  necessity,  and  deprived  even  of 
the  consolation  of  saving  mass  on  his  patroiial  feast,  the  Immaculate  Jonception,  resolved  at 
last,  on  the  14th,  to  winter  at  the  portage,  as  his  illness  increased.  His  Indian  companions 
now  left  liiin;  and,  tliongli  aided  by  some  French  traders,  he  suffered  much  during  tiie  follow- 
ing months.  Of  this,  however,  he  savs  nothing.  "The  Hlessed  Virgin  Immaculate,"  says 
his  journal,  "  h.is  taken  such  care  of  us  during  our  wandering  that  we  have  never  wanted 
food;  we  have  lived  very  comfortably;  my  illness  not  having  prevented  my  sayinn-  mass 
every  day."  How  liitie  can  we  realize  the  faith  and  self-denial  which  could  give  so  p  i  ant 
a  face  to  a  winter  p.is-ed  by  aiiying  man  in  a  cabin  open  to  the  winds.  The  llinois,  awa;,;  of 
his  presence  so  near  them,  sent  indeed;  but  so  gross  were  their  ideas  of  his  object  that  they 
askeil  the  dying  missionary  for  powder  and  goods.  "  I  have  come  to  instruct  you,  and 
speak  to  you  of  the  prayer,"  was  his  answer.  "Powder  I  have  not:  we  come  to  spread 
peace  througii  the  land,  and  I  do  not  wish  to  see  you  at  war  with  the  Miamis."  As  for 
goods,  he  could  but  encourage  the  French  to  continue  their  trade.  Despairing  at  last  of 
human  remedies,  the  missionary  and  his  tw  >  pious  companions  began  a  novena,  or  nine  days' 
devotion,  to  the  Klessed  Virgin  Immaculate.  From  its  close  he  began  to  gain  strength,  and, 
when  the  freshet  compelled  them  to  remove  their  cabin,  on  the  29th  of  March  he  set  out 
airain  on  his  long  interrupted  voyage,  the  river  being  now  open.  His  last  entry  is  of  the 
'>th  of  April,  when  the  wind  and  cold  compelled  them  to  halt.  He  never  found  time  to 
ccmtinue  nis  journal ;  and  his  last  words  are  a  playful  allusion  to  the  hardships  undergone 
by  the  traders,  in  which  he  sympathized,  whil  •  insensible  of  his  own —  Shea. 


He  set  .)ut  for  this  purpose  in  tiic  montli  of  November,  1674, 
from  the  Hay  of  the  Fetid,  with  two  men,  one  of  whom  had 
already  made  that  voyage  with  him.  During  a  month's  naviga- 
tion on  the  Ilinois  Lake  he  was  pretty  well  ;  but,  as  soon  as 
the  snow  began  to  fall,  he  was  again  seized  with  the  dysentery, 
which  forced  him  to  stop  in  the  river  wiiich  leads  to  the  Ilinois. 
There  they  raised  a  cabin,  and  spent  the  winter  in  such  want 
of  every  comfort  that  his  illness  constantly  increased.  He  felt 
that  Ciod  had  granted  him  the  grace  he  had  so  often  asked, 
and  lie  even  plainly  told  his  companions  so,  assuring  them  that 
he  would  die  of  that  illness  and  on  that  voyage.  To  prepare 
his  soul  for  its  departure,  he  began  that  rude  wintering  by  the 
exercises  of  Saint  Ignatius,  which,  in  spite  of  his  great  bodily 
weakness,  he  performed  with  deep  sentimtjnts  of  devotion  and 
great  heavenly  consolation;  and  tlien  spent  the  rest  of  his  time 
in  colloquies  with  all  heaven,  having  no  more  intercourse  with 
earth  amid  these  deserts,  e.\ce])t  with  his  two  companions, 
whom  he  confessed  and  communicated  twice  a  week,  and  e.v- 
horted  as  much  as  his  strength  allowed.  Some  time  after 
Christmas,  in  order  to  obtain  the  grace  not  to  die  without 
having  taken  possession  of  his  beloved  mission,  he  invited  his 
companions  to  make  a  novena  in  honor  of  the  Immaculate 
Conception  of  the  Blessed  Virgin.  Contrary  to  all  human 
e.xpectation,  he  was  heard,  and,  recovering,  found  himself  able 
to  proceed  to  the  Ilinois  town  as  soon  as  navigation  was  free. 
This  i'.e  accomplished  in  great  joy,  setting  out  on  the  29th  of 
March.  He  was  eleven  days  on  the  way,  where  he  had  ample 
matter  for  suffering,  both  from  his  still  sickly  state  and  from 
the  severity  and  inclemency  of  tie  weather. 

Having  at  last  readied  the  town  on  the  8th  of  April,  he  was 
received  there  as  an  angel  from  heaven  ;  and  after  having  sev- 
eral times  assembled  the  chiefs  of  the  nation  with  all  the  old 
men  (jincicn?,),  to  sow  in  their  minds  the  first  seed  of  the 
gospel,  after  carrying  his  instructions  into  the  cabins,  which 
were  always  filled  with  crowds  of  people,  he  resolved  to  speak 
to  all  publicly  in  general  assembly,  which  he  convoked  in  the 
open  fields,  the  cabins  being  too  small  for  the  meeting.  A 
beautiful  prairie  near  the  town  was  chosen  for  the  great  coun- 
cil. It  was  adorned  in  the  fashion  of  the  country,  being  spread 
with  mats  and  bear-skins ;  and  the  father,  having  hung  on  cords 
some  pieces  of  India  tatTety,  attached  to  them  four  large  pict- 
ures of  the  Blessed  Virgin,  which  were  thus  visible  on  all  sides. 
The  auditory  was  composed  of  five  hundred  chiefs  and  old  men, 
seated  in  a  circle  around  the  father,  while  the  youth  stood  with- 


out  to  the  number  of  fifteen  hundred,  not  counting  women  and 
children  who  arc  very  numerous,  the  town  being  composed  of 
five  or  .lix  hundred  fires. 

The  father  spoke  to  all  this  gathering,  and  addressed  them 
ten  words  by  ten  presents  which  he  made  them;  he  explained 
to  them  the  principal  mysteries  of  our  religion,  and  the  end  for 
which  he  had  come  to  their  country  ;  and  especially  he  preached 
to  them  Christ  crucified,  for  it  was  the  very  eve  of  the  great  dav 
on  which  he  died  on  the  cross  for  them,  as  well  as  for  the  rest 
of  men.      He  then  said  mass. 

Three  days  after,  on  [master  Sunday,  things  being  arranged 
in  the  same  manner  as  on  Thursday,  he  celebrated  the  holy 
mysteries  for  the  second  time  ;  and  by  these  two  sacrifices,  the 
first  ever  offered  therti  to  Oo.l,  he  took  possession  of  that  land 
in  the  name  of  Jesus  Christ,  and  gave  this  mission  the  name  of 
the    Immaculate  Conception  of  the  Blessed  V^irgin. 

He  was  listened  to  with  universal  joy  and  approbation  by  all 
this  people,  who  earnestly  besought  him  to  return  as  soon  as 
possible  among  them,  since  his  malady  obliged  him  to  leave 
them.  The  father,  on  his  part,  showed  them  the  affection  he 
bore  them,  his  satisfaction  at  their  conduct,  and  gave  his  word 
that  he  or  some  other  of  our  fathers  would  return  to  con- 
tinue this  mission  so  happily  begun.  This  promise  he  repeated 
again  and  again,  on  parting  with  them  to  begin  his  journey. 
He  set  out  amid  such  marks  of  friendship  from  these  good 
people  that  they  escorted  him  with  pomp  more  than  thirty 
leagues  of  the  way,  contending  with  one  another  for  the  honor 
of  carrying  his  little  baggage. 


After  the  Ilinois  had  taken  leave  of  the  father,  filled  with 
a  great  idea  of  the  gospel,  he  continued  his  voyage,  and  soon 
after  reached  the  Ilinois  Lake,  on  which  he  had  nearly  a  hun- 
dred leagues  to  make  by  an  unknown  route,  because  he  was 


side  of  the  lake,  having 
His  strength,  however, 


obliged  to  take  the  southern  [eastern 

gone  thither  by  the  northern  [western 

failed  so  much  that  his  men  despaired  of  being  able  to  carry 

him  alive  to  their  journey's  end;    for,  in  fact,  he  became  so 

weak  and  exhausted  that  he  could  no  longer  help  himself,  nor 

even  stir,  and  had  to  be  handled  and  carried  like  a  child. 

He  nevertheless  maintained  in  this  state  an  admirable  equa- 
nimity, joy,  and  gentleness,  consoling  his  beloved  companions 
and  encouraging  them  to  suffer  courageously  all  the  hardships 
of   the  way,  assuring   them  that  our  Lord  would  not  forsake 


them 
pre  pa 
quies 
guardi 
t  hese 
mothe 
spiritu 
asked 
death, 
every 
strengi 
of  his  1 
shortei 
A  w( 
holy  w 
agony, 
to  use  i 
The 
radiant 
ing  the 
his  buri 
i^e  selec 
liands,  J 
his  grav 
hours  b 
was  dea 
ill  this 
thought 
not  of  h 
Thus 
till,  perc 
bank  wh 
it  was  tf 
pass  on, 
advance( 
to  return 

They 
raised  fo 
little  unc 
by  sadne 
they  were 
The  U 
Francis  I 
alone  am 


5 


them  when  he  was  jjone.  Durinj;  this  navigation  he  began  to 
prepare  more  particularly  for  death,  passing  his  time  in  collo- 
(piies  with  our  Lord,  with  His  lioly  mother,  with  iiis  angel- 
guardian,  or  with  all  heaven.  He  was  often  heard  pronouncing 
these  words:  "  1  believe  that  niv  Redeemer  liveth,"  or  "Mary, 
mother  of  grace,  mother  of  (lod,  remember  me."  Besides  a 
spiritual  reading  made  for  him  every  day,  he  toward  the  close 
asked  them  to  read  him  his  meditation  on  the  pre[)araiion  of 
death,  which  he  carried  about  him.  He  recited  his  breviary 
every  day  ;  and,  although  lie  was  so  low  that  both  sight  and 
strength  had  greatly  failed,  he  did  not  omit  it  till  the  last  day 
of  his  life,  when  his  companions  induced  him  to  cease,  as  it  was 
shortening  Ins  days. 

A  week  before  his  death  he  had  the  precaution  to  bless  some 
holy  water,  to  serve  him  during  the  rest  of  his  illness,  in  his 
agony,  and  at  his  burial ;  and  he  instructed  his  companions  how 
to  use  it. 

The  eve  of  his  death,  which  was  a  Friday,  he  told  them,  all 
radiant  with  joy,  that  it  would  take  place  on  the  morrow.  Dur- 
ing the  whole  day  he  conversed  with  them  about  the  manner  of 
his  burial,  the  way  in  which  he  should  be  laid  out,  the  place  to 
be  selected  for  his  interment;  he  told  them  how  to  arrange  his 
hands,  feet,  and  face,  and  directed  them  to  raise  a  cross  over 
his  grave.  He  even  went  so  far  as  to  enjoin  them,  only  three 
hours  before  he  expired,  to  take  his  chapel-bell,  as  soon  as  he 
was  dead,  and  ring  it  while  they  carried  him  to  the  grave.  Of 
ill  this  he  spoke  so  calmly  and  collectedly  that  you  would  have 
thought  that  he  spoke  of  the  death  and  burial  of  another,  and 
not  of  his  own. 

Thus  did  he  speak  with  them  as  they  sailed  along  the  lake, 
till,  perceiving  the  mouth  of  a  river  with  an  eminence  on  the 
bank  which  he  thought  suited  for  his  burial,  he  told  them  that 
it  was  the  place  of  his  last  repose.  They  wished,  however,  to 
pass  on,  as  the  weather  permitted  it  and  the  day  was  not  far 
advanced;  but  God  raised  a  contrary  wind  which  obliged  them 
to  return  and  enter  the  river  pointed  out  by  Father  Marquette. 

They  then  carried  him  ashore,  kindled  a  little  fire,  and 
raised  for  him  a  wretched  bark  cabin,  where  they  laid  him  as 
little  uncomfortably  as  they  could  ;  but  they  were  so  overcome 
by  sadness  that,  as  they  afterward  said,  they  did  not  know  what 
they  were  doing. 

The  father  being  thus  stretched  on  the  shore,  like  Saint 
Francis  Xavier,  as  he  had  always  so  ardently  desired,  and  left 
alone  amid  those  forests, —  for  his  companions  were  engaged  in 


6 


unloading,  lie  liad  leisure  to  repeat  all  the  acts  in  which 
he  had  employed  liimscit  durin;;  the  preceding;  days. 

When  his  dear  companions  afterward  came  up  all  dejected, 
he  consoled  them,  and  gave  them  hopes  that  Ood  would  take 
care  of  them  after  his  death  in  those  new  and  unknown  coun- 
tries. He  gave  them  his  last  instructions,  thanked  them  for 
all  the  charity  they  had  shown  him  during  the  voyage,  begged 
their  pardon  for  the  trouble  he  had  given  them,  and  directed 
them  also  to  ask  pardon  in  his  name  of  all  our  fathers  and 
brothers  in  the  Ottawa  country,  and  then  disposed  them  lu 
receive  the  sacrament  of  penance,  which  he  administered  to 
them  for  the  last  time.  He  also  gave  them  a  paper  on  which 
he  had  written  all  his  faults  since  his  last  confession,  to  be 
given  to  his  superior  to  oblige  him  to  pray  more  earnestly  for 
him.  In  fine,  he  promised  not  to  forget  them  in  heaven  ;  and. 
as  he  was  very  kind-hearted  and  knew  them  to  be  worn  out 
with  the  toil  of  the  preceding  days,  he  bade  them  go  and  take 
a  little  rest,  assuring  them  that  his  hour  was  not  yet  so  near 
but  that  he  would  wake  them  when  it  was  time,  as  in  fact  he 
did  two  or  three  hours  after,  calling  them  when  about  to  enter 
his  agony. 

When  they  came  near,  he  embraced  them  for  the  last  time, 
while  they  melted  in  tears  at  his  feet.  He  then  asked  for  the 
holy  water  and  his  reliquary,  and,  taking  off  his  crucitix,  whicii 
he  wore  around  his  neck,  he  placed  it  in  the  hands  of  one,  ask- 
ing him  to  hold  it  constantly  opposite  him,  raised  before  his 
eyes.  Then,  feeling  that  he  had  but  a  little  time  to  live,  he  mack- 
a  last  effort,  clasped  his  hands;  and,  with  his  eyes  fixed  sweetl\- 
on  his  crucifix,  he  pronounced  aloud  his  profession  of  faith,  and 
thanked  the  Divine  Majesty  for  the  immense  grace  he  did  him 
in  allowing  him  to  die  in  the  society  of  Jesus, —  to  die  in  it  as  ,i 
missionary  of  Jesus  Christ,  and.  above  all,  to  die  in  it.  as  he  had 
always  asked,  in  a  wretched  cabin  amid  the  forests,  destitute  ut 
all  human  aid. 

On  this  he  became  silent,  conversing  inwardly  with  God  ; 
yet  from  time  to  time  words  escaped  him:  "  Sustinuit  anima 
mea  in  verba  ejus,"  or  "  Mater  Dei;  memento  mei,"  which  were 
the  last  words  he  uttered  before  entering  on  his  agony,  which 
was  very  calm  and  gentle. 

He  had  prayed  his  companions  to  remind  him,  when  they 
saw  him  about  to  expire,  to  pronounce  frequently  the  nanus 
of  Jesus  and  Mary.  When  he  could  not  do  it  himself,  they  did 
it  for  him  ;  and,  when  they  thought  him  about  to  pass,  one  cried 
aloud,  Jesus  Maria,  which  he  several  times  repeated  distinctly, 


and 

to  h; 

tliein 

with 

smile 

sunk 

Hi 

his  b( 

devoi 

tion,  ; 

passei 


From  , 


It  is 

place, 

that  it 

ago.     ' 

of  post( 

Could  r 

the  site 

that  upc 

to  rise  t 

he  woul 

very  be< 

earth's  s 

in  remer 

VV'e  Cc 

but  high 

man    wh 

pioneer, 

that  two 

and  his  c 

in  the  po 

disappear 

to  contaii 

related  b; 

set  forth  c 

of   Macki 

Bay,  and 


and  then,  as  if  at  those  sacred  names  something  had  appeared 
to  him,  he  suddenly  raised  his  eyes  above  his  crucifix,  tixin;; 
them  a|)parenily  on  some  object  which  he  seemed  to  re<;ard 
with  pleasure,  and  thus  with  a  countenance  all  radiant  with 
smiles  he  expired  without  a  struggle,  as  gently  as  if  he  had 
sunk  into  a  quiet  sleep. 

His  two  poor  companions,  after  shedding  many  tears  over 
his  body,  and  having  laid  it  out  as  he  had  directed,  carried  it 
devoutly  to  the  grave,  ringing  the  bell  according  to  his  injunc- 
tion, and  raised  a  large  cross  near  it  to  serve  as  a  mark  for 
passers-by. 


FathiiR  MAkcjutniK  at  Ciiicaoo. 

From  an  Artidc  on  "'Early  Visitors  to  Cliiiaj^o,"  in  the  Ne7U  A'w.i.'- 

lan<i  Miii;<i"ine  for  A/)ri/.  \><n2s  />v  Ei/uuird  (r.  .]/^tison, 

1' resident  of  the  Chicui^o  //istorica/  Society. 

It  is  customary  to  speak  of  Chicago  as  a  comparatively  new 
place,  but  it  assumes  a  respectable  anti(|uity  when  we  remember 
that  it  was  known  to  white  men  more  than  two  hundred  years 
ago.  Those  who  saw  it  then  were  so  regardless  of  the  curiosi'y 
of  posterity  as  to  leave  but  scanty  mementoes  of  their  presence. 
Could  any  one  of  them  have  imagined  that  he  was  standing  on 
the  site  of  a  city  destined  to  be  the  second  in  size  in  our  land, 
that  upon  the  marsh  and  sand  bank  which  lay  before  him  was 
to  rise  the  metro]")olis  of  the  (Jreat  West,  we  may  be  sure  that 
he  would  have  taken  pains  to  let  us  know  of  his  being  at  the 
very  beginning  of  human  association  with  this  portion  of  the 
earth's  surface,  and  to  ask  us,  for  that  reason,  to  hold  his  name 
in  remembrance. 

We  cannot  possibly  identify  the  earliest  visitor  to  Chicago, 
but  high  authority  is  inclined  to  hold  that  the  first  civili/ed 
man  who  crossed  the  Chicago  Portage  was  the  dauntless 
pioneer,  Rene  Robert  Cavelier  Sieur  de  la  Salle.  We  know 
that  two  years  of  his  life  in  America  are  involved  in  obscurity; 
and  his  own  journal  and  maps  relating  to  this  period,  though 
in  the  possession  of  one  of  his  relatives  a  century  later,  have 
disappeared,  liut  an  anonymous  manuscript  exists  purporting 
to  contain  an  account  of  his  explorations  during  these  years, 
related  by  La  Salle  himself.  This  states  that  in  167 1  La  Salle 
set  forth  on  Lake  Erie,  crossed  Lake  Huron,  passed  the  Straits 
of  Mackinac  and  La  Baye  des  Puants,  which  we  call  (ireen 
Bay,  and  discovered  an  incomparably  larger  bay,  which  doubt- 


8 


less  was  the  southern  part  of  Lake  Michigan.  At  its  foot 
towards  the  west  he  found  "a  very  good  port,"  and  at  the  end 
of  this  a  stream  going  from  the  east  to  the  west.  'J'his  port, 
it  is  thought  by  Francis  I'arkman,  wliose  opinion  is  of  the 
utmost  wtight,  m:iy  have  been  the  entrance  to  the  Chicago 
Ki'.cr,  and  the  stream  the  1  )es  IMaines  branch  of  the  IHiuois. 
If  ihis  manuscript  is  correct,  la  Salle  was  at  the  site  of  (Chicago 
two  )ears  beff)re  joliet  and  Maripiette.  lie  was  the  real  dis- 
coverer of  the  (Ircat  West,  for  he  planned  its  occupation  and 
began  its  settlement ;  and  he  alone  of  the  men  ot  his  time 
appreciated  its  boundless  possibilities,  and  with  prophetic  eye 
saw  in  the  future  its  wide  area  peopled  by  his  own  race.  It 
seems  very  tilting  that  a  city  which  is  the  incarnation  of  the 
energy,  the  courage,  and  the  enterj)rise  which  animated  his 
iron  frame  should  begin  its  annals  with  the  splendiil  name  of 
l,a  Salle. 

Assuming,  then,  that  he  war.  the  tirst,  the  next  visitors  to 
Chicago,  who  are  usually  spoken  of  as  the  earliest,  were  Louis 
lolliet,  usually  written  Joliet,  and  jaccpies  (James)  Marcjuette. 
Returning  from  their  famous  journey  on  the  Mississippi  Kiver, 
they  doubtless  crossed  the  portage  from  the  Des  IMaines  River 
to  the  south  branch,  and  went  by  way  of  the  Chicago  River  to 
Lake  Michigan,  and  along  its  western  shore  to  the  jjresent 
Green  Hay,  in  the  late  summer  or  early  fall  of  the  year  1673. 
Father  Marquette  in  h's  narrative  of  this  journey  mentions  the 
river  —  that  is,  the  Illinois  —  which  brought  them  with  little 
trouble  to  the  Lake  of  Illinois  (now  Lake  Michigan).  He  says, 
■"  We  have  seen  nothing  like  this  river  for  the  fertility  of  its  land, 
its  prairies,  woods,  wild  cattle,  stag,  deer,  wild-cats,  bustards, 
swans,  clucks,  ])arrots,  and  even  beaver,  its  many  little  hikes 
and  rivers."  He  speaks  of  the  portage  of  half  a  league  and  of 
the  escort  which  one  of  the  native  chiefs  gave  them  to  the 
Like  of  the  Illinois.  These  friendly  Indian  hosts  accompanied 
Joliet  and  Marquette  from  the  town  of  Kaskaskia,  which  was 
situated  on  the  broad  meadow  opposite  Starved  Rock,  or,  as 
some  think,  nearer  to  the  present  town  of  Juliet,  and  probably 
bade  them  good  by  upon  what  is  now  the  Chicago  River. 

It  is  curious  to  notice  that  Joliet,  who  was  the  leader  of  the 
party  and  especially  charged  by  the  government  with  the  dis- 
covery of  the  great  river,  has  had  less  of  the  resulting  honor 
than  Marquette,  though  the  larger  part  was  rightfully  his  share. 
Marquette  himself  says  :  — 


('<imU'  (Ic  I'loiucnar,  our  govcnvir,  ;itul  Mr.  Talon,  then  our  intend. iiu, 
.>clLi  ted  lor  tliL- trittrprisf  ihf  Sicur  |o||yti,  \vlii>m  tin.  y  ili  tnied  cuinintcnt 
for  .so  prtat  .i  diM^n,  wislun).;  to  «.fi'  K.ither  M.ir(|tiitte  iwidinp.mv  him. 
'They  wen:  not  mi^iaktn  in  tinir  chum  of  tlie  Sn-nr  Jolliet  ;  for  he  was  ;i 
youn^i  man  liorn  in  ihc  lonniry,  ami  endow ud  wiili  e\i'ry  ipi.ditv  that  i  onld 
l)e  desiri'd  in  .such  an  enterprise,  lie  |)()sso>se(l  e.xpirience  and  a  knnwlednc 
of  the  lanuuaj^is  of  the  <  Mi.iwa  Coimtry,  wlu-rc  he  h.id  >\)v\n  .>cviral  vears; 
lie  h.id  the  tail  and  priidene  so  luicssaiy  for  the  sin  ( I'ss  of  ;i  voyani- 
eqiiallv  d.inm'nnis  and  dittieiilt;  ami,  lastly,  he  h.id  courage  to  fear  iiolhinj.', 
where  ail  is  to  \h-  leancl. 

Joliet's  failure  to  receive  hi.s  tlin'  nu'cd  of  fame  results  etitirely 
from  the  fact  that  Mar(|iiettc's  nairativc  of  tlieir  voya<;t'  was 
preserved;  while  all  of  Joliet's  papers,  including  his  carefully 
prepared  re|)ort  to  his  j^overuinent,  and  a  very  e.xact  map,  were 
lost  by  the  upsetting  of  his  canoe  in  the  rapids  above  Montreal, 
when  he  had  almost  completed  his  return  trip. 

Joliet  prepared  from  rectdlection  an  account  of  his  voyage, 
and  sketrhed  a  map,  both  of  which  {''rontenac  sent  to  I'rance. 
This  map,  and  perhaps  others  from  iiis  hand,  have  recently 
come  to  light  ;  and  we  have  also  a  statement  prepared  by 
Father  Claude  l)ab!on,  Superior  (leneral  of  the  Jesuit  Missions 
in  Atnerica,  from  information  furnished  him  by  Joliet,  who 
speaks  in  it  as  enthusiastically  as  did  I-'ather  Marquette  about 
the  Illinois  River,  which,  he  says,  "is  large  and  deep,  full  of 
barbels  and  sturgeon ;  game  is  found  in  abutidance  on  its 
banks;  the  wild  cattle,  cows,  stags,  turkeys,  ai^pear  more  there 
than  elsewhere.  .  .  .  There  are  prairies  there  si.x,  ten,  and  twenty 
leagues  long,  and  three  wide,  surrounded  by  forests  of  equal 
extent,  beyond  which  the  prairies  begin  again."  Certainly,  no 
State  in  the  Union  has  received  more  complimentary  mention 
from  its  first  visitors  than  Illinois. 

It  further  appears  from  this  statement  that  either  Joliet  or 
Father  Dablon  himself,  but  probably  the  former,  was  the  first 
to  suggest  a  ship  canal  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the  Illinois 
River.  P'or  the  good  father,  in  his  remarks  upon  the  utility  of 
Joliet's  discovery,  says  :  — 

A  very  important  advant.i^e  (of  it),  and  which  some  will  perhaps  find  it 
hard  to  credit,  is  that  \vf  can  tjuitc  easily  go  to  Florida  in  boats,  and  by  a  very 
good  navigation.  There  would  be  but  one  canal  to  make  by  cutting  only 
one-half  a  league  of  ])rairie  to  i)ass  from  the  lake  of  the  '.llinois  (.Michig.m) 
into  St.  Louis  River  (Des  Plaincs).  The  route  to  be  taken  is  this:  the  bark 
should  be  built  in  Lake  Krie  which  is  near  L.ike  ()ntaiio;  it  would  pa>.s 
easily  from  Lake  Krie  to  Lake  Huron,  from  which  it  would  enter  the  Lakc- 
of  the  Illinois.  At  the  e.xtreinity  of  this  lake  would  be  the  cut  or  canal  of 
which  I  have  spoken  to  have  a  passage  to  St.  Louis  River,  which  empties 
into  the  Mississippi.  The  bark  having  thus  entered  this  river  would  sail 
easily  to  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 


10 


If  ever  the  proposed  ship  canal  from  Lake  Michigan  to  the 
Illinois  River  is  constructed,  it  will  not  l)e  amiss  to  associate 
with  it  the  name  of  the  first  projector  of  such  a  work,  Louis 
Juliet. 

Onint  I'>ontenac  wrote  the  French  government  in  1674  that 
Joliei  left  with  the  missionaries  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  coj^ies  of 
his  journals.  "These,"  he  says,  "we  cannot  get  before  next 
year  '  ;  and  Father  Dablon,  speaking  of  the  loss  of  Joliet's 
narraiive  and  map,  says,  "  I'.uher  Marquette  kept  a  copy  of 
that  which  has  been  lost."  Thus  far  neither  of  these  copies 
has  come  to  light,  but  1  do  not  despair  of  the  finding  of  one 
or  both.  The  joy  of  the  discovery  is,  1  trust,  reserved  for  some 
ardent  anti(|narian,  who  will  eagerly  unroll  the  time-stained 
pages  and  find  in  them  something  more  than  we  now  know  of 
the  CJIiicago  of  1673.  Perhaps  he  will  thus  reveal  the  names  of 
the  five  other  French  men  who  accompanied  Joliet  and  Mar- 
quette through  their  entire  voyage,  and  were  with  them  here, 
and  one  of  whom  revisited  Chicago  with  Marquette  in  the  fol- 
lowing year.  Of  these  five  men  we  know  nothing  more,  save 
that  it  is  probable  that  one  of  them  was  a  victim  of  the  catas- 
trophe at  the  Sault  Ste.  Louis,  just  by  La  Salle's  old  seignory 
of  j.a  Chine,  which  put  such  a  luckless  ending  to  this  otherwise 
successful  exploration.  We  may  be  proud  to  inscribe  the  name 
of  Louis  Joliet  upon  the  muster-roll  of  the  early  visitors  to 
Chi(  ago,  for  he  would  have  been  no  mean  citizen  of  any  city. 

History  accords  to  the  brave  young  priest  Marquette  the 
right  to  be  called  the  earliest  resident  of  Chicago,  because  of 
his  dreary  encampment  by  the  banks  of  the  Chicago  River  in 
the  winters  of  1674-75  on  his  second  journey  to  the  Illinois. 
He  was  attended  by  two  faithful  French  voyageurs,  Pierre  Por- 

teret  and  Jaccfues ,  whose  last  name  is  unknown.     Father 

Dablon  says  th.at  one  of  these  men,  but  does  not  tell  us  which, 
was  with  Marquette  on  his  former  voyage.  I  am  aware  that 
S  iiith  Chicago,  P^vanston,  and  possibly  other  places,  are  in- 
clined to  dispute  with  Chicago  the  honor  of  this  visit  from 
Marquette;  but  Chicago  will  not  yield  to  any  of  them  her  first 
City  Father,  without  a  struggle. 

An  attempt  has  been  made  to  show,  from  Marquette's  journal 
of  his  journey,  that  he  wintered  upon  the  Calumet  River,  and 
not  upon  the  Chicago.  We  learn  from  this  document  that  he  set 
out  from  the  Mission  of  St.  Francis,  which  was  on  the  site  of 
the  town  of  Green  Bay,  October  25,  1674,  crossed  the  portage 
from  Sturgeon  Bay  to  Lake  Michigan,  and  followed  its  western 
shore  southward;  and  after  various  detentions,  on  December  4, 


he  say; 
frozen  i 
where  ( 
necessa 
from   th 
niii'es,  o: 
to  hisar 
i>e\en  m 
assume 
and   the 
went  up 
town    of 
the  "Sao 
has  never 
on  any  m 
I  should 
Ciiicago  J 
line  of  thi 
which   it 
fort,  that 
■stream,  th. 
that   Fath( 
therefore   ( 
gieatly  int( 
lead  an  ex, 
con\incin<'- 
of  Marquet 
i->ablon's  St 
'^iit  a  little 
Michigan  tf 
^i^e  route  b 
a  twelve-mi 
pass,  and  is 
i^outh   L'ran 
been    the   re 
sec(jnd  jouri 
^t  was  tht 
face  th.  vali, 
ft  was  on  its 
Jess  was  the 
and  which  gi 
ism,  and  the 
Father   Marc 
amongst  the 


II 


he  says:  "We  startea  well  to  reach  Portage  River,  which  was 
frozen  half  a  foot  thick.  There  was  more  snow  there  than  any- 
where else."  To  identify  Portage  River  wiih  the  Caluniet,'it  is 
necessary  to  assume  that  iMarquette  spent  nine  days  in  going 
from  the  Chicago  River  to  the  ("alumet,  a  distance  of  twelve 
miles,  or  an  average  of  one  and  one-third  miles  per  day  ;  while,  up 
to  his  arrival  at  the  Chicago  River,  he  had  travelled  at  the  rate  of 
sewn  miles  a  day,  including  all  delays.  It  is  also  necessary  to 
assume  that  he  made  a  portage  between  the  (Irand  Calumet, 
and  the  Little  Calumet,  where  there  is  no  portage  now,  and 
went  up  the  Little  Calumet  to  Stony  Ihook,  near  the  present 
town  of  Blue  Island,  then  up  Stony  Prook,  and  by  way  of 
the  "  Sag  "  to  the  Des  Plaines, —  a  route  which,  so  far  as  known, 
has  never  been  followed  by  any  other  traveller,  is  not  laid  down 
on  any  map,  and  there  is  no  evidence  ot  its  use  at  any  time. 
I  shijuld  except,  perhaps,  an  account  in  the  possession  of  the 
Cliicago  Historical  Society  of  the  ruins  of  an  old  fort,  on  the 
line  of  the  "  Sag  "  in  the  town  of  Palos,  in  Cook  County,  from 
which  it  has  been  argued  that  this  must  have  been  a  French 
fort,  that  the  P>ench  would  not  have  had  a  fort  except  upon  a 
stream,  that  a  stream  is  of  no  use  iin'ess  it  is  navigable,  and 
that  Father  Marquette  was  the  best  man  to  navigate  it,  and 
therefore  did  so.  I  cannot  accept  the  argument;  but  I  am 
greatly  interested  in  the  fort,  and  should  l)e  glad  some  day  to 
lead  an  exploring  party  in  search  of  it.  To  my  mind,  the  most 
convincing  proof  that  the  Chicago  River  is  the  Portage  River 
of  Marquette  and  Joliet  is  the  account  which  the  latter  gives  in 
Uablon's  statement  that  the  cutting  of  half  a  league  of  prairie, 
but  a  little  over  a  mile,  would  enable  a  bark  to  pass  from  Lake 
Michigan  to  the  Des  Plaines  River.  This  could  not  be  true  of 
the  route  by  the  Calumet,  Stony  Prr)ok,  and  the  "Sag,"  where 
a  twelve-mile  canal  would  be  necessary  for  a  small  vessel  to 
pass,  and  is  applicable  only  to  the  short  portage  between  the 
South  Pranch  and  the  Des  Plaines.  wliich  must  therefore  have 
been  the  route  followed  by  Joliet  and  by  Marquette  on  his 
second  journey. 

It  was  the  Chicago  River,  therefore,  over  whose  frozen  sur- 
face tl: .  valiant  missionary  toiled  on  that  bleak  December  day. 
It  was  on  its  banks  that  he  penned  that  journal,  which  doubt- 
less was  the  first  literary  production  ever  written  in  Chicago, 
and  which  gives  us  such  a  picture  of  the  unselfishness,  the  hero- 
ism, and  the  sanctity  of  that  lovely  soul.  We  cannot  give  up 
Father  ALarquette ;  for  his  association  with  Chicago's  site  is 
amongst  the  most  precious  of  its  early  memories.     The  feeling 


12 


that  he  in  some  measure  belongs  to  Chicago  lends  a  ne  « 
interest  to  that  brief  but  beautiful  life  which  began  in  1637  in 
the  little  city  of  Laon,  in  Northern  France,  and  ended  in  1675 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan. 


Father  Marquette's  Narrative  of  his  Voyages  and  Discoveries  in  1!. 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi,  from  which  the  passage  in  the  present  leatl.  t  - 
taken,  is  given  entire  in  John  G.  Shea's  Discovery  and  Exploration  cj  ■ 
Mississippi  Valley.  This  narrative  was  jjrepared  for  publication  in  1678  I  . 
Father  Claude  Dablon,  Superior  of  the  missions  of  the  Society  of  Je-  :- 
in  Canada,  who  added  the  account  of  Marquette's  second  voyage,  death,  a; 
burial.  The  unfinished  letttr  of  Father  Martpiette  to  Father  Dablon,  11:; 
taining  a  journal  of  his  last  visit  to  the  Illinois,  is  given  (in  the  origin., 
French)  in  the  appendix  to  Shea's  svork.  Marquette's  account  of  his  d> 
covery  of  the  MississipjM,  taken  from  the  same  work  as  the  present  leaflet 
was  given  in  one  of  the  leaflets  (No.  2)  of  the  Old  South  series  for  iSS.j 
There  are  very  full  notices  of  Marquette  and  the  writings  concerning  him  ii 
the  Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America,  vol.  iv.  There  is  a  biogra]'!  ;. 
in  Sparks's  series  of  American  Biograj^hies;  and  a  full  and  graphic  accoui;! 
in  Parkman's  Discovery  of  tlic  Great  West. 


